[Vision2020] Fwd: Admiral Says Military Gay Ban is "Odious"

Thomas Hansen tomh@uidaho.edu
Fri, 22 Aug 2003 15:36:20 -0700


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Mr. Arnold -
 
True.  The "Don't ask.  Don't tell." policy in the military was founded for
political reasons, but NOT " . . . because of the huge amount of homophobia
on the lower levels of the enlisted."  This homophobia goes alot higher.
Many many homosexuals were administratively discharged by officers in
command positions much higher than " . . . mid level brass".  Alot of these
discharges resulted in "wrongful discharge" lawsuits.  In order to reduce
the number of lawsuits (and to protect the "integrity" of high ranking
commanders) "Don't ask.  Don't tell" was created.
 
Since you appear to be knowledgeable in European military policies
concerning gays in the military, could you please explain the British
policy?
 
Tom Hansen
Moscow, Idaho

-----Original Message-----
From: Donovan Arnold [mailto:donovanarnold@hotmail.com]
Sent: Friday, August 22, 2003 3:19 PM
To: mghuskey@hotmail.com; vision2020@moscow.com
Subject: Re: [Vision2020] Fwd: Admiral Says Military Gay Ban is "Odious"



Much of the Military top brass opposes the "Don't ask don't Tell" policy. It
is a bad policy that is only supported by politicians and mid level brass
because of the huge amount of homophobia on the lower levels of the
enlisted. General Wesley Clark is also for changing the policy to match that
of the British, Australians, and other European nations. The British
military works just fine.

Donovan J Arnold

>From: "Melynda Huskey" 
>To: vision2020@moscow.com 
>Subject: [Vision2020] Fwd: Admiral Says Military Gay Ban is "Odious" 
>Date: Fri, 22 Aug 2003 10:08:13 -0700 
> 
>By a pleasing coincidence, this message just crossed my desk . . . 
> 
>Melynda Huskey 
> 
> 
>FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 
> 
>Contact: 
>Aaron Belkin, Director 
>Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military 
>University of California, Santa Barbara 
>805-893-5664 
> 
>SENIOR ADMIRAL SAYS LIFTING GAY BAN WOULD STRENGTHEN MILITARY 
>Former Navy JAG Calls 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' "Odious" 
> 
>SANTA BARBARA, CA, August 21, 2003 - The retired Judge Advocate 
>General 
>(JAG) for the Navy, Rear Admiral John D. Hutson, has called for the 
>end of the military's "don't ask, don't tell" policy banning openly 
>gay soldiers from service. In an article published this month in 
>the National Law Journal Admiral Hutson called the gay ban 
>"virtually unworkable in the military." The article argues that the 
>policy is the "quintessential example of a bad compromise," and that 
>the "don't ask, 
>don't tell" regulations are a "charade" that "demeans the military 
>as an honorable institution." 
> 
>Admiral Hutson, who retired in 2000, now lives with his wife in New 
>Hampshire, where he serves as dean and president of the Franklin 
>Pierce Law Center. As JAG, Hutson was the senior uniformed attorney 
>in the Department of the Navy. His job was to oversee all legal 
>issues in the Navy, supervise the 750 lawyers in the JAG Corps who 
>serve around the world, and provide legal counsel to top commanders, 
>including the Secretary of the Navy and the Chief of Naval 
>Operations. 
> 
>In an interview this week with the Center for the Study of Sexual 
>Minorities in the Military, University of California, Santa Barbara, 
>he said he initially supported the policy, concluding that "a 
>satisfactory resolution was impossible then." Since it was hammered 
>out in 1993, however, much has changed. "At that time," he said, 
>"we thought the sky could fall. To completely overturn the policy 
>ran the risk of undermining our ability to complete our mission." 
>But with the benefit of over a decade of experience with the policy, 
>and with what he called a "somewhat more enlightened population, 
>particularly among younger people," he now believes it's time to end 
>the ban. "That was then and 
>this is now," he said. "I am now convinced, as I was not then, that 
>the military could survive" lifting the ban entirely. 
> 
>When the policy was adopted, he explained, "I don't think any of us 
>thought it was going to be permanent. Nobody liked it. So then the 
>question became how long? Is it going to be a generation? Fifty 
>years? I think enough things have happened in the country, and then 
>on top of it all, you've got the Supreme Court overturning the 
>[sodomy] statute, that it just became time to reconsider." 
> 
>Admiral Hutson was a Navy Captain in the office of the JAG in 1993 
>when the current gay ban was formulated, serving as the JAG's 
>executive assistant. In 1997, he became the JAG himself, and it 
>fell to him to enforce the policy. Since retiring from the Navy in 
>2000, he has gained "a somewhat different perspective, and I think a 
>richer one." He now perceives "a very low level of support for the 
>policy." He advocates ending the ban because he recognizes "that 
>the American public is more ready for this and is not crazy about 
>the policy." 
> 
>Defenders of the ban have long argued that allowing gays to serve 
>openly would impair unit cohesion and undermine military readiness. 
>But a growing number of observers now argue that the ban itself, not 
>the presence of gays, may threaten morale, cohesion and performance. 
> 
>Last year, the policy faced a barrage of criticism when Americans 
>learned that nearly two dozen Army linguists, many specialists in 
>Arabic, were discharged under "don't ask, don't tell." 
> 
>Admiral Hutson said that ending the ban could help strengthen the 
>military. "Eliminating the policy on balance now would serve a 
>greater good and in many respects would foster cohesion. Unburdened 
>by 
>this odious policy, the Department of Defense might come out 
>stronger, and more able to defend the country." He explained this 
>was not only because more people could join or remain in the 
>service, but 
>because the public's support of the military could increase. "There 
>is right now what I perceive to be this blemish on [the armed 
>forces], and it ought to be removed. And if it is removed, 
>ultimately the military would feel better about itself and it would 
>be held in even higher regard by removing this fundamental 
>unfairness for a fairly significant population in the country." 
> 
>Since Congress made the gay ban a federal statute, the Pentagon 
>cannot overturn the policy without Congressional action. But 
>Admiral Hutson said that, although Congress would need to act to 
>repeal the ban, the Department of Defense could take the lead and 
>use its influence to reverse the policy. "The way things tend to 
>work inside the beltway," he said, "if the Department of Defense put 
>up enough of a squawk, Congress would not stand in the way." He 
>said the Pentagon could initiate studies, interview soldiers, and 
>call on the legislature to reconsider the law. "At some point, 
>obviously it needs to see the light of day." 
> 
>Admiral Hutson was prompted to write the article in the National Law 
>Journal after the Supreme Court overturned state sodomy laws early 
>this summer. While that decision did not immediately end military 
>regulations banning sodomy and prohibiting openly gay soldiers, 
>legal challenges are underway using the High Court's recent decision 
>as a new precedent. Dean Hutson argues that the American public has 
>"moved far enough along" for it to accept openly gay soldiers, an 
>assertion that is born out by several polls both within and outside 
>the military. 
> 
>Nathaniel Frank, Senior Research Fellow at the Center for the Study 
>of Sexual Minorities in the Military, said Admiral Hutson is the 
>most eminent military officer to call unambiguously for the lifting 
>of the 
>gay ban. "As the former JAG of the Navy," Dr. Frank said, "Hutson's 
>comments warrant special attention." The Santa Barbara Center has 
>published studies on the Israeli, British, Australian and Canadian 
>militaries since they lifted their gay bans, which conclude that 
>allowing gays to serve openly does not undermine military readiness. 
> 
>Admiral Hutson fears that the U.S. military is "falling further and 
>further behind" the American public. "This is what's discouraging 
>to me" he said. "I don't want an institution for which I have great 
>affection to be antiquated in its ideas. The military is better 
>than that." 
> 
>### 
>The Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military is an 
>official research unit of the University of California, Santa 
>Barbara. The Center is governed by a distinguished board of 
>advisors including the Honorable Lawrence J. Korb of the Council on 
>Foreign Relations, Honorable Coit Blacker of Stanford University and 
>Professor Janet Halley of Harvard Law School. Its mission is to 
>promote the study of gays, lesbians, and other sexual minorities in 
>the armed forces. More information is available at 
>www.gaymilitary.ucsb.edu. 
> 
> 
> 
> 
>Go, said the bird, for the leaves were full of children, 
>Hidden excitedly, containing laughter. 
>Go, go, go, said the bird: human kind 
>Cannot bear very much reality. 
>Burnt Norton, T.S. Eliot 
> 
>_________________________________________________________________ 
>Get MSN 8 and help protect your children with advanced parental 
>controls. http://join.msn.com/?page=features/parental 
> 
>_____________________________________________________ 
>List services made available by First Step Internet, serving the 
>communities of the Palouse since 1994. 
>http://www.fsr.net 
>mailto:Vision2020@moscow.com 
>ŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻ 

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<DIV><SPAN class=612302522-22082003><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff size=2>Mr. 
Arnold -</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=612302522-22082003><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff 
size=2></FONT></SPAN>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=612302522-22082003><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff 
size=2>True.&nbsp; The "Don't ask.&nbsp; Don't tell." policy in the military was 
founded for political reasons, but NOT " . . . because of the huge amount of 
homophobia on the lower levels of the enlisted."&nbsp; This homophobia goes alot 
higher.&nbsp; Many many homosexuals were administratively discharged by officers 
in command positions&nbsp;much higher than " . . . mid level brass".&nbsp; Alot 
of these discharges resulted in "wrongful discharge" lawsuits.&nbsp; In order to 
reduce the number of lawsuits (and to protect the "integrity" of high ranking 
commanders) "Don't ask.&nbsp; Don't tell" was created.</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=612302522-22082003><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff 
size=2></FONT></SPAN>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=612302522-22082003><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff size=2>Since 
you appear to be knowledgeable in European military policies concerning gays in 
the military, could you please explain the British policy?</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=612302522-22082003><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff 
size=2></FONT></SPAN>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=612302522-22082003><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff size=2>Tom 
Hansen</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=612302522-22082003><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff 
size=2>Moscow, Idaho</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
  <DIV class=OutlookMessageHeader dir=ltr align=left><FONT face=Tahoma 
  size=2>-----Original Message-----<BR><B>From:</B> Donovan Arnold 
  [mailto:donovanarnold@hotmail.com]<BR><B>Sent:</B> Friday, August 22, 2003 
  3:19 PM<BR><B>To:</B> mghuskey@hotmail.com; 
  vision2020@moscow.com<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Vision2020] Fwd: Admiral Says 
  Military Gay Ban is "Odious"<BR><BR></FONT></DIV>
  <DIV>
  <DIV>
  <P>Much of the Military top brass opposes the "Don't ask don't Tell" policy. 
  It is a bad policy that is only supported by politicians and mid level brass 
  because of the huge amount of homophobia on the lower levels of the enlisted. 
  General Wesley Clark is also for changing the policy to match that of the 
  British, Australians, and other European nations. The British military works 
  just fine.</P>
  <P>Donovan J Arnold</P></DIV>
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;From: "Melynda Huskey" <MGHUSKEY@HOTMAIL.COM>
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;To: vision2020@moscow.com 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Subject: [Vision2020] Fwd: Admiral Says Military Gay Ban is 
  "Odious" 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Date: Fri, 22 Aug 2003 10:08:13 -0700 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;By a pleasing coincidence, this message just crossed my desk . 
  . . 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Melynda Huskey 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Contact: 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Aaron Belkin, Director 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;University of California, Santa Barbara 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;805-893-5664 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;SENIOR ADMIRAL SAYS LIFTING GAY BAN WOULD STRENGTHEN MILITARY 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Former Navy JAG Calls 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' "Odious" 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;SANTA BARBARA, CA, August 21, 2003 - The retired Judge Advocate 

  <DIV></DIV>&gt;General 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;(JAG) for the Navy, Rear Admiral John D. Hutson, has called for 
  the 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;end of the military's "don't ask, don't tell" policy banning 
  openly 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;gay soldiers from service. In an article published this month 
  in 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;the National Law Journal Admiral Hutson called the gay ban 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;"virtually unworkable in the military." The article argues that 
  the 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;policy is the "quintessential example of a bad compromise," and 
  that 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;the "don't ask, 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;don't tell" regulations are a "charade" that "demeans the 
  military 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;as an honorable institution." 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Admiral Hutson, who retired in 2000, now lives with his wife in 
  New 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Hampshire, where he serves as dean and president of the 
  Franklin 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Pierce Law Center. As JAG, Hutson was the senior uniformed 
  attorney 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;in the Department of the Navy. His job was to oversee all legal 

  <DIV></DIV>&gt;issues in the Navy, supervise the 750 lawyers in the JAG Corps 
  who 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;serve around the world, and provide legal counsel to top 
  commanders, 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;including the Secretary of the Navy and the Chief of Naval 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Operations. 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;In an interview this week with the Center for the Study of 
  Sexual 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Minorities in the Military, University of California, Santa 
  Barbara, 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;he said he initially supported the policy, concluding that "a 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;satisfactory resolution was impossible then." Since it was 
  hammered 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;out in 1993, however, much has changed. "At that time," he 
  said, 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;"we thought the sky could fall. To completely overturn the 
  policy 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;ran the risk of undermining our ability to complete our 
  mission." 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;But with the benefit of over a decade of experience with the 
  policy, 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;and with what he called a "somewhat more enlightened 
  population, 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;particularly among younger people," he now believes it's time 
  to end 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;the ban. "That was then and 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;this is now," he said. "I am now convinced, as I was not then, 
  that 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;the military could survive" lifting the ban entirely. 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;When the policy was adopted, he explained, "I don't think any 
  of us 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;thought it was going to be permanent. Nobody liked it. So then 
  the 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;question became how long? Is it going to be a generation? Fifty 

  <DIV></DIV>&gt;years? I think enough things have happened in the country, and 
  then 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;on top of it all, you've got the Supreme Court overturning the 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;[sodomy] statute, that it just became time to reconsider." 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Admiral Hutson was a Navy Captain in the office of the JAG in 
  1993 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;when the current gay ban was formulated, serving as the JAG's 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;executive assistant. In 1997, he became the JAG himself, and it 

  <DIV></DIV>&gt;fell to him to enforce the policy. Since retiring from the Navy 
  in 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;2000, he has gained "a somewhat different perspective, and I 
  think a 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;richer one." He now perceives "a very low level of support for 
  the 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;policy." He advocates ending the ban because he recognizes 
  "that 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;the American public is more ready for this and is not crazy 
  about 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;the policy." 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Defenders of the ban have long argued that allowing gays to 
  serve 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;openly would impair unit cohesion and undermine military 
  readiness. 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;But a growing number of observers now argue that the ban 
  itself, not 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;the presence of gays, may threaten morale, cohesion and 
  performance. 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Last year, the policy faced a barrage of criticism when 
  Americans 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;learned that nearly two dozen Army linguists, many specialists 
  in 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Arabic, were discharged under "don't ask, don't tell." 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Admiral Hutson said that ending the ban could help strengthen 
  the 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;military. "Eliminating the policy on balance now would serve a 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;greater good and in many respects would foster cohesion. 
  Unburdened 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;by 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;this odious policy, the Department of Defense might come out 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;stronger, and more able to defend the country." He explained 
  this 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;was not only because more people could join or remain in the 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;service, but 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;because the public's support of the military could increase. 
  "There 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;is right now what I perceive to be this blemish on [the armed 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;forces], and it ought to be removed. And if it is removed, 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;ultimately the military would feel better about itself and it 
  would 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;be held in even higher regard by removing this fundamental 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;unfairness for a fairly significant population in the country." 

  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Since Congress made the gay ban a federal statute, the Pentagon 

  <DIV></DIV>&gt;cannot overturn the policy without Congressional action. But 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Admiral Hutson said that, although Congress would need to act 
  to 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;repeal the ban, the Department of Defense could take the lead 
  and 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;use its influence to reverse the policy. "The way things tend 
  to 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;work inside the beltway," he said, "if the Department of 
  Defense put 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;up enough of a squawk, Congress would not stand in the way." He 

  <DIV></DIV>&gt;said the Pentagon could initiate studies, interview soldiers, 
  and 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;call on the legislature to reconsider the law. "At some point, 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;obviously it needs to see the light of day." 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Admiral Hutson was prompted to write the article in the 
  National Law 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Journal after the Supreme Court overturned state sodomy laws 
  early 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;this summer. While that decision did not immediately end 
  military 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;regulations banning sodomy and prohibiting openly gay soldiers, 

  <DIV></DIV>&gt;legal challenges are underway using the High Court's recent 
  decision 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;as a new precedent. Dean Hutson argues that the American public 
  has 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;"moved far enough along" for it to accept openly gay soldiers, 
  an 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;assertion that is born out by several polls both within and 
  outside 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;the military. 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Nathaniel Frank, Senior Research Fellow at the Center for the 
  Study 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;of Sexual Minorities in the Military, said Admiral Hutson is 
  the 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;most eminent military officer to call unambiguously for the 
  lifting 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;of the 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;gay ban. "As the former JAG of the Navy," Dr. Frank said, 
  "Hutson's 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;comments warrant special attention." The Santa Barbara Center 
  has 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;published studies on the Israeli, British, Australian and 
  Canadian 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;militaries since they lifted their gay bans, which conclude 
  that 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;allowing gays to serve openly does not undermine military 
  readiness. 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Admiral Hutson fears that the U.S. military is "falling further 
  and 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;further behind" the American public. "This is what's 
  discouraging 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;to me" he said. "I don't want an institution for which I have 
  great 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;affection to be antiquated in its ideas. The military is better 

  <DIV></DIV>&gt;than that." 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;### 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;The Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military 
  is an 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;official research unit of the University of California, Santa 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Barbara. The Center is governed by a distinguished board of 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;advisors including the Honorable Lawrence J. Korb of the 
  Council on 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Foreign Relations, Honorable Coit Blacker of Stanford 
  University and 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Professor Janet Halley of Harvard Law School. Its mission is to 

  <DIV></DIV>&gt;promote the study of gays, lesbians, and other sexual 
  minorities in 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;the armed forces. More information is available at 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;www.gaymilitary.ucsb.edu. 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Go, said the bird, for the leaves were full of children, 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Hidden excitedly, containing laughter. 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Go, go, go, said the bird: human kind 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Cannot bear very much reality. 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Burnt Norton, T.S. Eliot 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;_________________________________________________________________ 

  <DIV></DIV>&gt;Get MSN 8 and help protect your children with advanced parental 

  <DIV></DIV>&gt;controls. http://join.msn.com/?page=features/parental 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt; 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;_____________________________________________________ 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;List services made available by First Step Internet, serving 
  the 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;communities of the Palouse since 1994. 
  <DIV></DIV>&gt;http://www.fsr.net 
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  <DIV></DIV>&gt;ŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻ 
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